UPDATE: November, 2019
We've seen some evidence, through breedings, that seems to suggest that "Liver" "Sooty" and "Brown may be linked. For instance, "Liver" horses consistently producing brown foals when crossed with black; brown horses reliably producing "sooty" buckskins; and "Liver" mares reliably producing "sooty" palominos, under controlled conditions.
now shows that both "Liver" in red based horses, and "Sooty" in buckskin horses is, in
It was previously believed that only horses with the Black Gene (E) could exhibit "brown" coloring, but we have found, again, and again, that brown can be passed down in the form of either "Liver" (on chestnuts") or as "seal" on bay; or as "sooty in buckskins & palominos.
If you have a liver chestnut mare you will find, consistently, that either a parent or a grandparent was, in fact BROWN. By brown, we mean Black & Tan which, on a horse that has the Black gene (E) includes 'soft spots' or lighter, tan colored patches on the muzzle, and on the belly just in front of the back legs.
Unfortunately researching records is difficult, since many a seal brown horse is registered as bay, and many a liver is simply registered as "chestnut". It helps that AQHA separates "Sorrel" (red/blonde) from "Chestnut" (brown/black mane & tail) in the registry, but most breeds lump reds and chestnuts together.
** Beyond this point, this article is in need of updating, and we will get to that as soon as possibe.
PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED Article, since updated:
As of this writing, "Liver Chestnut" and "Liver Palomino" are descriptions, rather than an official, recognized color. This is because the color has not yet been properly genetically mapped. The horse above is a RED based horse. This is evidenced, primarily, by her color at birth (photo four in the expandable gallery above, click to expand gallery).
All red horses (called sorrels, or chestnuts) are genetically "ee" (E-series recessive) - which means that, in theory, they should not have ANY red hairs on their bodies. Yet we have all seen chestnuts with black manes and tails.
The Black Gene (E-series) explained:
The presence of black hairs is written (expressed) as "E" or "EE"
Each horse has TWO E-series alleles (place holders) - one is received from each parent. Every horse is/has one of these three E-series patterns. Here are their meanings.
1. EE - homozygous for the black gene (two black genes); this horse can never produce a red based foal
2. Ee - heterozygous for the black gene (one black gene); when the black gene is present, it is always expressed (shows up on the horse) because E is dominant.
3. ee - negative for the black gene. No black hairs should appear on the animal.
Chestnuts and Sorrels:
According to the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA), a SORREL is a red horse with a red and/or flaxen mane/tail. A CHESTNUT horse is a brown horse, with a brown and/or black mane/tail.
So you see, we have a conundrum. How can a chestnut horse have a black mane/tail if it is genetically "ee"?
The answer to this question is that we don't know yet. Clearly there is some other mechanism which is causing black to appear on the horse, where it should not be, according to our current theories.
The Black Chestnut takes this problem to a whole other level - not only does this chestnut have black hairs in the mane and tail (or a completely black mane and tail) but the body coat is full of black hairs as well.
The normal mechanism to control the amount of black hairs in the coat (when black hairs are present through the E gene) is called AGOUTI and is expressed as:
The Bay Gene (Agouti Series) explained:
Again - two alleles (one from each parent). In the following examples, we will assume the second allele is "a" (negative Agouti), for simplicity's sake.
A+/a - wild Bay - very little black hairs allowed, limited to some black on lower legs, and black mane and tail
A/a - Bay - full black stockings, mane and tail
At/a - Black & Tan (mistakenly called Brown) which is a pattern of black hairs spread over the neck, shoulders and rump, in addition to the mane/tail and stockings. It is usual for a Black & Tan horse to have a tan colored muzzle, and lighter areas at the "soft points" on his flanks.
aa - full black coverage of the body, when E is present. All black horses are genetically aa Ee or aa EE
Mysterious Brown and Black Chestnut
There are several half-understood mechanisms that could cause SEAL brown, or Black Chestnut
Animal genetics in Arizona is the only lab testing for At, and there is some suggestion that SEAL brown (where each individual hair is actually BROWN, not black), is included in the At test. This seems unlikely to me. If SEAL were included in Agouti function, then I would expect to see an As test, which there is none.
Sponenberg (an early equine geneticist) ruled out the presence of bb in horses, which is true BROWN in other species. As a result of Sponenberg's findings, it is commonly assumed that all horses are BB (black). I remain unconvinced, because it is virtually impossible to prove an impossibility.
Another possibility is the presence of Dominant Black 'ED' - which is also said not to exist in horses - yet I know personally of a black Welsh Cob stallion who is producing black foals to every single mare - including bays. This should not be possible with the E/A series - and argues strongly that the horse must be ED (E-dominant).
It is commonly accepted that the Agouti gene plays NO part in dictating the shade of the RED hairs themselves. But this is still not proven one way or another. And the research continues ...
Black Chestnut & Cream Gene
... but in the meantime, here is an interesting gallery of photos showing what can happen when a black chestnut gets the cream (palomino) gene. Black hairs (unlike red ones) are not properly diluted by the cream gene - so here's what can happen. I can't explain it - but these photos are all of the same horse!!
We've seen some evidence, through breedings, that seems to suggest that "Liver" "Sooty" and "Brown may be linked. For instance, "Liver" horses consistently producing brown foals when crossed with black; brown horses reliably producing "sooty" buckskins; and "Liver" mares reliably producing "sooty" palominos, under controlled conditions.
now shows that both "Liver" in red based horses, and "Sooty" in buckskin horses is, in
It was previously believed that only horses with the Black Gene (E) could exhibit "brown" coloring, but we have found, again, and again, that brown can be passed down in the form of either "Liver" (on chestnuts") or as "seal" on bay; or as "sooty in buckskins & palominos.
If you have a liver chestnut mare you will find, consistently, that either a parent or a grandparent was, in fact BROWN. By brown, we mean Black & Tan which, on a horse that has the Black gene (E) includes 'soft spots' or lighter, tan colored patches on the muzzle, and on the belly just in front of the back legs.
Unfortunately researching records is difficult, since many a seal brown horse is registered as bay, and many a liver is simply registered as "chestnut". It helps that AQHA separates "Sorrel" (red/blonde) from "Chestnut" (brown/black mane & tail) in the registry, but most breeds lump reds and chestnuts together.
** Beyond this point, this article is in need of updating, and we will get to that as soon as possibe.
PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED Article, since updated:
As of this writing, "Liver Chestnut" and "Liver Palomino" are descriptions, rather than an official, recognized color. This is because the color has not yet been properly genetically mapped. The horse above is a RED based horse. This is evidenced, primarily, by her color at birth (photo four in the expandable gallery above, click to expand gallery).
All red horses (called sorrels, or chestnuts) are genetically "ee" (E-series recessive) - which means that, in theory, they should not have ANY red hairs on their bodies. Yet we have all seen chestnuts with black manes and tails.
The Black Gene (E-series) explained:
The presence of black hairs is written (expressed) as "E" or "EE"
Each horse has TWO E-series alleles (place holders) - one is received from each parent. Every horse is/has one of these three E-series patterns. Here are their meanings.
1. EE - homozygous for the black gene (two black genes); this horse can never produce a red based foal
2. Ee - heterozygous for the black gene (one black gene); when the black gene is present, it is always expressed (shows up on the horse) because E is dominant.
3. ee - negative for the black gene. No black hairs should appear on the animal.
Chestnuts and Sorrels:
According to the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA), a SORREL is a red horse with a red and/or flaxen mane/tail. A CHESTNUT horse is a brown horse, with a brown and/or black mane/tail.
So you see, we have a conundrum. How can a chestnut horse have a black mane/tail if it is genetically "ee"?
The answer to this question is that we don't know yet. Clearly there is some other mechanism which is causing black to appear on the horse, where it should not be, according to our current theories.
The Black Chestnut takes this problem to a whole other level - not only does this chestnut have black hairs in the mane and tail (or a completely black mane and tail) but the body coat is full of black hairs as well.
The normal mechanism to control the amount of black hairs in the coat (when black hairs are present through the E gene) is called AGOUTI and is expressed as:
The Bay Gene (Agouti Series) explained:
Again - two alleles (one from each parent). In the following examples, we will assume the second allele is "a" (negative Agouti), for simplicity's sake.
A+/a - wild Bay - very little black hairs allowed, limited to some black on lower legs, and black mane and tail
A/a - Bay - full black stockings, mane and tail
At/a - Black & Tan (mistakenly called Brown) which is a pattern of black hairs spread over the neck, shoulders and rump, in addition to the mane/tail and stockings. It is usual for a Black & Tan horse to have a tan colored muzzle, and lighter areas at the "soft points" on his flanks.
aa - full black coverage of the body, when E is present. All black horses are genetically aa Ee or aa EE
Mysterious Brown and Black Chestnut
There are several half-understood mechanisms that could cause SEAL brown, or Black Chestnut
Animal genetics in Arizona is the only lab testing for At, and there is some suggestion that SEAL brown (where each individual hair is actually BROWN, not black), is included in the At test. This seems unlikely to me. If SEAL were included in Agouti function, then I would expect to see an As test, which there is none.
Sponenberg (an early equine geneticist) ruled out the presence of bb in horses, which is true BROWN in other species. As a result of Sponenberg's findings, it is commonly assumed that all horses are BB (black). I remain unconvinced, because it is virtually impossible to prove an impossibility.
Another possibility is the presence of Dominant Black 'ED' - which is also said not to exist in horses - yet I know personally of a black Welsh Cob stallion who is producing black foals to every single mare - including bays. This should not be possible with the E/A series - and argues strongly that the horse must be ED (E-dominant).
It is commonly accepted that the Agouti gene plays NO part in dictating the shade of the RED hairs themselves. But this is still not proven one way or another. And the research continues ...
Black Chestnut & Cream Gene
... but in the meantime, here is an interesting gallery of photos showing what can happen when a black chestnut gets the cream (palomino) gene. Black hairs (unlike red ones) are not properly diluted by the cream gene - so here's what can happen. I can't explain it - but these photos are all of the same horse!!
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